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HARRIET ROSS TUBMAN (1819-1913) timeline |
1819 Birth. Araminta Ross [Harriet Tubman] was born into slavery in 1819 or 1820, in Dorchester County, Maryland. Given the names of her two parents, both held in slavery, she was of purely African ancestry. She was raised under harsh conditions, andsubjected to whippings even as a small child. She slept as close to the fire as possible on cold nights and sometimes stuck her toes into the smoldering ashes to avoid frostbite. Cornmeal was her main source of nutrition and occasionally meat of some kind as her family had the privilege to hunt and fish. Most of her early childhood was spent with her grandmother who was too old for slave labor.
At age six, Araminta was old enough to be considered able to work. She did not work in the fields though. Edward Brodas, her master, lent her to a couple who first put her to work weaving she was beaten frequently. When she slacked off at this job the couple gave her the duty of checking muskrat traps. Araminta caught the measles while doing this work. The couple thought she was incompetent and took her back to Brodas. When she got well, she was taken in by a woman as a housekeeper and baby-sitter. Araminta was whipped during the work here and was sent back to Brodas after eating one of the woman's sugar cubes.
As was the custom on all plantations, when she turned eleven, she started wearing a bright cotton bandana around her head indicating she was no longer a child. She was also no longer known by her "basket name", Araminta. Now she would be called Harriet, after her mother. At the age of 12 Harriet Ross was seriously injured by a blow to the head, inflicted by a white overseer for refusing to assist in tying up a man who had attempted escape.
1844 Marriage. In 1844 at the age of 25, she married John Tubman, a free African American who did not share her dream. Since she was a slave, she knew there could be a chance that she could be sold and her marriage would be split apart. Harriet dreamed of traveling north. There, she would be free and would not have to worry about having her marriage split up by the slave trade. But, John did not want her to go north. He said he was fine where he was and that there was no reason for moving north. She said she would go by herself. He replied with questions like "When it's nighttime, how will you know which way is north?" and "What will you eat?" He told her that if she ran off, he would tell her master. She did not believe him until she saw his face and then she knew he meant it. Her goal to achieve freedom was too large for her to give up though. So in 1849 she left her husband and escaped to Philadelphia in 1849.
1849 Escape. Harriet was given a piece of paper by a white abolitionist neighbor with two names, and told how to find the first house on her path to freedom. At the first house she was put into a wagon, covered with a sack, and driven to her next destination. and kind enough to give her directions to safe houses and names of people who would help her cross the Mason-Dixon line. She then hitched a ride with a woman and her husband who were passing by. They were abolitionists and took her to Philadelphia. Here, Harriet got a job where she saved her pay to help free slaves. She also met William Still. Still was one of the Underground Railroad's busiest "station masters."
It is said that Henry "Box" Brown, a slave, had himself nailed in a wooden box and mailed by real train from Richmond to William Still in Philadelphia.] He was a freeborn black Pennsylvanian who could read and write. He used these talents to interview runaway slaves and record their names and stories in a book. He hoped that in the future, family's could trace their relations using this book. Still published the book in 1872 under the title The Underground Railroad where describes many of Tubman's efforts. It is still published today.
With the assistance of Still, and other members of the Philadelphia Anti-Slavery Society, she learned about the workings of the Underground Railroad (click for details). In 1850, Harriet helped her first slaves escape to the North. She sent a message to her sister's oldest son that said for her sister and family to board a fishing boat in Cambridge. This boat would sail up the Chesapeake Bay where they would meet Harriet in Bodkin's Point. When they got to Bodkin's Point, Harriet guided them from safehouse to safehouse in Pennsylvania (which was a free state) until they reached Philadelphia.
1850 Conductor: In September of the same year, Harriet was made an official "conductor" of the UGRR. This meant that she knew all the routes to free territory and she had to take an oath of silence so the secret of the Underground Railroad would be kept secret. She also made a second trip to the South to rescue her brother James and other friends. They were already in the process of running away so Harriet aided them across a river and to the home of Thomas Garret. He was the most famous Underground "Stationmaster" in history.
Harriet Tubman as "Conductor" with escaped
slaves at an Underground Rail Road station
Around this time the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act was passed. It stipulated that it was illegal for any citizen to assist an escaped slave and demanded that if an escaped slave was sighted, he or she should be apprehended and turned in to the authorities for deportation back to the "rightful" owner down south. Any United States Marshall who refused to return a runaway slave would pay a hefty penalty of $1,000. Thus the Underground Railroad tighten security. It created a code to make things more secret. It also sent the escaping slaves into Canada instead of the "North" of the U.S.
1851 Canada. Harriet's third trip was in September 1851. She went to get her husband, John, but he had remarried and did not want to leave. So she went back up North. Harriet went to Garret's house and found there were more runaways (which were referred to as passengers) to rescue than anticipated. That did not stop her though. She gave a baby a sedative so he would not cry and took the passengers into Pennsylvania. The trip was long and cold but they did reach the safe house of Frederick Douglas. He kept them until he had collected enough money to get them to Canada. He recieved the money so she and her eleven passengers started the journey to Canada. To get into Canada, they had to cross over Niagara Falls on a handmade suspension bridge which would take them into the city of St. Catherine, Ontario in Canada. In St. Catherine, blacks and whites lived together in comfortable houses and they had their own land to farm and raise crops. St. Catherines remained her base of operations until 1857. While there she worked at various activities to save to finance her activities as a Conductor on the UGRR, and attended the Salem Chapel BME Church on Geneva Street.
In the winter of 1852, Tubman was ready to return to the U.S. to help free more slaves. In the spring, she worked in Cape May and saved enough money to go to Maryland. By now, Tubman had led so many people from the South - the slave's called this the "land of Egypt" - to freedom, she became known as "Moses." She was also known by the plantation owners for her efforts and a bounty of $40,000 was posted. The state of Maryland itself posted a $12,000 reward for her capture.
Tubman made eleven trips from Maryland to Canada from 1852-1857. Her most famous trip concerned a passenger who panicked and wanted to turn back. Tubman was afraid if he left he would be tortured and would tell all he knew about the Railroad. The unwilling passenger changed his mind when Tubman pointed a gun at his head and said "dead folks tell no tales."
1857 Auburn. On the road between Syracuse and Rochester, were a number of sympathetic Quakers and other abolitionists settled at Auburn. Here also was the home of US Senator and former New York State Governor William H. Seward (and known for Seward's folly). Sometime in the mid-1850s, Tubman met Seward and his wife Frances. Mrs. Seward provided a home for Tubman's favorite niece, Margaret, after Tubman helped her to escape from Maryland. In 1857, the Sewards provided a home for Tubman, to which she relocated her parents from St. Catherines. This home was later sold to her for a small sum, and became her base of operations when she was not on the road aiding fugitives from slavery, and speaking in support of the cause.
The spring of 1857 was the time when Harriet set out on her most daring rescue to free her elderly father, Ben Ross. Tubman bought a train ticket for herself and traveled in broad daylight which was dangerous considering the bounty for her head. When she reached Caroline County, she bought a horse and some miscellaneous parts to make a buggy. She took this and her father and mother to Thomas Garrett who arranged for their passage to Canada.
In Canada, she met famed abolitionist John Brown, a radical abolitionist, who had heard much about Harriet. When he came to St. Catherine, he asked J.W. Loguen to introduce them. When Brown met Tubman, he was overwhelmed by her intelligence and bearing and said "General Tubman, General Tubman, General Tubman." From then on he would refer to her by this name. Brown called Harriet, "one of the best and bravest persons on this continent." She worked closely with Brown, and reportedly missed the raid on Harper's Ferry only because of illness.
In 1860 in Troy, New York, in which she set her mind to setting free a fugitive who had been captured and was being held at the office of the United States Commisioner. The slave, a man named Charles Nalle, did escape thanks to Tubman's efforts. He later bought his freedom from his master, a man who also happend to be his younger, half-brother.
Harriet Tubman's career in the Railroad was ending by December 1860. She made her last rescue trip to Maryland, bringing seven people to Canada. In the ten years she worked as a "conductor" on the Railroad, Harriet managed to rescue over 300 people. She had made 19 trips and never lost a passenger on the way. For Tubman's safety, her friends took her to Canada.
1861 Civil War. Tubman returned to the U.S. from living in Canada in 1861. The Civil War had begun and was enlisting all men as soldiers and any women who wanted to join as cooks and nurses. Tubman enlisted into the Union army as a "contraband" nurse in a hospital in Hilton Head, South Carolina and for a time serving at Fortress Monroe, where Jefferson Davis would later be imprisoned.. Contrabands were blacks who the Union army helped to escape from the Southern compounds. Often they were half starved and sick from exposure. Harriet nursed the sick and wounded back to health but her work did not stop there. She also tried to find them work. When the army sent her to another hospital in Florida, she found white soldiers and contrabands "dying off like sheep". She treated her patients with medicine from roots and miraculously never caught any of the deadly diseases the wounded soldiers would carry.
During the summer of 1863, Tubman worked with Colonel James Montgomery as a scout. She put together a group of spies who kept Montgomery informed about slaves who might want to join the Union army. After she and her scouts had done the groundwork, she helped Montgomery organize the Combahee River Raid. The purpose of the raid was to harass whites and rescue freed slaves. They were successful in shelling the rebel outposts and gathering almost 500 slaves. Just about all the freed slaves joined the army.
While guiding a group of black soldiers in South Carolina, she met Nelson Davis, who was ten years her junior. Denied payment for her wartime service, Tubman was forced, after a bruising fight, to ride in a baggage car on her return to Auburn.
1869 Second marriage. After the war, Harriet returned home to Auburn. In 1869, she married Nelson Davis and together they shared a calm, peaceful 19 year marriage until he died.
The quote below, echoing Patrick Henry, is the Sarah Bradford biography, "The Moses of Her People," of Harriet Tubman:
Harriet was now left alone, . . . She turned her face toward the north, and fixing her eyes on the guiding star, and committing her way unto the Lord, she started again upon her long, lonely journey. She believed that there were one or two things she had a right to, liberty or death.
Tubman returned to Auburn, New York.
after the war and purchased Seward's seven-acre plot in 1873 with $1,200 donated by author Sarah Bradford from sale proceeds of her book. The Tubman-Davis brick home remains today on that property.
In 189? the government gave her a military pension of $20 per month.
Only twelve miles from Seneca Falls and Susan B. Anthony, Tubman helped Auburn to remain a center of activity in support of women's rights.
a 1903 note about Hariet Tubman in a letter written
by feminist Susan B. Anthony
With her home literally down the road, Tubman remained in contact with her friends, William and Frances Seward. In 1908, she purchased property adjoining her home and built the wooden structure that served as her home for the aged and indigent. Here she worked, and herself was cared for in the period before her death in 1913.
1913. Death. Before she died on March 10, 1913, she gave her home for the elderly to the Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. Tubman was buried with military rites in Fort Hill Cemetery, a short drive from the home. A year after her death, Auburn declared a one-day memorial to its anti-slavery hero. Residents of the city that day unveiled the Harriet Tubman Plaque, which remains on display at the entrance of the Cayuga County Court House. She has since received man honors, including the naming of the Liberty Ship Harriet Tubman, christened in 1944 by Eleanor Roosevelt. On June 14, 1914 a large bronze plaque was placed at the Cayuga County Courthouse, and a civic holiday declared in her honor. Freedom Park, a tribute to the memory of Harriet Tubman, opened in the summer of 1994 at 17 North Street in Auburn. In 1995, Harriet Tubman was honored by the federal government with a commemorative postage stamp bearing her name and likeness.
The Harriet Tubman Home
Visit the Harriet Tubman home in Auburn, New
York
(off I-90 60 miles east of Rochester and 30 miles west of Syracuse)
http://www.nyhistory.com/harriettubman/home.htm
Years later after Harriet Tubman's death, when the last remains of the Tubman Home for the Aged faced demolition, the community rallied to help pay for part of its reconstruction. And when the Tubman home opened to the public in 1953, hundreds attended a dedication ceremony.
Blacks were among two of Auburn's first four residents, but the city has not always proven a hospitable fit for those that followed, especially in recent years. Though the black population of Cayuga County numbered 2,995 in 1990, few hold political office or are employed by the county or city.
1993. In 1993 a local white sign painter donated his labor to place two portraitlike signs of Tubman on the home's front entrance. Previously, for 40 years, says Rev. Carter, there was no indication to let visitors or passers-by know of the home's location. In September 1993, a small band of Neo-Nazis attempted to march on City Hall from Freedom Park, which had been dedicated to Tubman's memory in June. However, a large group of counter-demonstrators, many from Ithaca and outside Auburn, turned the group away. In October 1993, a multi-racial group of marchers walked from Syracuse to the home in Tubman's memory.
1994. In May Rev. Carter found a 3-by 5-foot flag with red, white and black stripes and a black swastika in the middle hanging on the front door. A suspect was later arrested. "I was disturbed but not surprised," says Rev. Carter. "He may have thought that he could make things bad for the pilgrimage and frighten people from coming," recalls Rev. Carter. "But in reality, it actually helped things because we got more people involved. It gave us publicity we normally wouldn't have been able to get."
Though Rev. Carter says the Auburn community accepts the Harriet Tubman Home, he believes the site doesn't receive its fair share of promotion.
"A number of tours come through this area for things that are around, such as the Seward House and Case Museum. But a lot of those tours never get to the Tubman Home."
Gary Chabot, President of the Chamber of Commerce of Auburn and Cayuga County, says tours of the area's historic sites "absolutely" include the Tubman Home. "It's very much a part of our tourist activity," says Chabot, who added that the home is becoming more recognizable in the community. A survey conducted by the chambershowed the Tubman Home was the area's third most requested tourist site for information.
1995. 100 students at Auburn High School protested a proposal to change the school's name to honor Tubman.
______________
Like the former Tubman Home for the Aged, the complex's memorial library is sparsely furnished with artifacts and other memorabilia. A fan presented to Tubman by Seward's daughter, Fanny, is in one of several glass display cases, as well as two drinking glasses given by Tubman as a wedding gift. There is a photo album and stacks of old magazines on book shelves.
A duplicate of the Tubman Plaque at the County Court House rests unattached against a wall, while folding chairs fill much of one side of the library facing a television and VCR that plays a video of Tubman's life. A computer workstation, used mostly by Rev. Carter is in another corner of the library building. He would like to upgrade the facility into a full-scale library that would be accessible through the Internet.
A cultural research center on Black History and the Underground Railroad and a retreat with rooms to stay overnight are also plans Rev. Carter would to bring to fruition at the Tubman complex. However, there are some major roadblocks. The A.M.E. Zion Church operates the site with a $25,000 annual budget used for maintaining the grounds and to pay Rev. Carter, the only paid staff member, a regular stipend. Copes-Johnson is paid for her services through Green Thumb Inc., a national, nonprofit organization that provides employment for people older than 55 with limited incomes.
Much of Carter's time is also consumed by his duties as pastor of Thompson Memorial A.M.E. Zion Church in Auburn. The church is itself a landmark. It's where Tubman worshipped and was a member.
Though the home encourages financial donations from the public, its fund-raising efforts are also hampered because the church board that oversees the home has yet to secure federal tax-exempt status, so donations are not tax deductible. It's a situation Rev. Carter hopes to change soon. The board is currently working on filing papers with the Internal Revenue Service for tax exemption.
Some money is generated at the pilgrimage and at the home during the year through the sale of Tubman memorabilia. The multi-purpose center, which seats 500, is also rented for receptions, dances and meetings.
Those who would like to support the home with financial donations, can send checks payable to: The Harriet Tubman Home, 180 South Street, Auburn, New York 13021.
Rev. Carter also encourages skilled professionals or business owners, especially those with architectural engineering, grant writing and landscaping skills, to help.
"Visiting the property is always a good idea," he says. "That way, you get to see it first hand and see the potential it has."
Visit the Harriet Tubman home in Auburn, New
York
(off I-90, 60 miles east of Rochester and 30 miles west of Syracuse)
http://www.nyhistory.com/harriettubman/home.htm
FURTHER
Literature and Biography
Bradford, Sarah. Harriet, the Moses of her people. New
York: for the author by G. R. Lockwood & son, ©1886.
149 pp.
Bradford, Sarah. Scenes in the life of Harriet Tubman. Auburn, New York: W.J. Moses, printer, ©1869. 132 pp.
Bradford, Sarah. Scenes in the life of Harriet Tubman / Harriet Tubman, the Moses of her people. Bedford, Mass.: Applewood Books, ©1993 (reprint). 149 pp, illus.
Conrad, Earl. Harriet Tubman. Washington, D.C.: The Associated Publishers, ©1943. 248 pp.
Sterling, Dorothy. Freedom train; the story of Harriet Tubman. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, ©1954. 191 pp., illus.
Fiction
Heidish, Marcy. A woman called Moses: a novel based on the
life of Harriet Tubman. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ©1976.
308 pp.
Parrish, Anne. A clouded star. New York: Harper ©1948. 242 pp.
Swift, Hildegarde Hoyt. The railroad to freedom; a story of the civil war. New York: Harcourt, Brace and company, ©1932. 364 pp., illus.
Other
Lawrence, Jacob. The Harriet Tubman series: January 18-March
2, 1986, Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York. [Buffalo]:
Buffalo Fine Arts Academy, ©1986. Portraits, 12 pp., illus.
Wheat, Ellen Harkins. Jacob Lawrence: the Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman series of 1938-40. Hampton, Virginia: Hampton University Museum, ©1991. Portraits, art criticism.
Juvenile Literature and Biography
Adler, David. A picture book of Harriet Tubman. New York,
New York: Holiday House, ©1992. Illus.
Bains, Rae. Harriet Tubman and the road to freedom. Mahwah, New Jersey: Troll Associates, ©1982. 48 pp.
Benjamin, Anne. Young Harriet Tubman: freedom fighter. Mahwah, New Jersey: Troll Associates, ©1992. 32 pp., illus.
Bentley, Judith. Harriet Tubman. New York: F. Watts, ©1990. 144 pp., illus.
Burns, Bree. Harriet Tubman. New York: Chelsea Juniors, ©1992. 80 pp., illus.
Carlson, Judy. Harriet Tubman: call to freedom. New York: Fawcett Columbine, ©1989. 116 pp., illus.
Carter, Polly. Harriet Tubman and Black history month. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Silver Press, ©1990. 32 pp., illus.
Elish, Dan. Harriet Tubman and the underground railroad. Brookfield, Connecticut: Millbrook Press, ©1993. 32 pp., illus.
Epstein, Sam and Beryl. Harriet Tubman: guide to freedom. Champaign, Illinois: Garrard Pub. Co., ©1968. 96 pp., illus.
Ferris, Jeri. Go free or die: a story about Harriet Tubman. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Carolrhoda Books, ©1988. 63 pp., illus.
Grant, Matthew G. Harriet Tubman; black liberator. Mankato, Minnesota: Creative Education; distributed by Childrens Press, Chicago, ©1974. 29 pp., illus.
Johnson, Ann Donegan. The value of helping: the story of Harriet Tubman. La Jolla, California: Value Communications, ©1979. 63 pp., illus.
Johnson, LaVerne C. Kumi &Chanti tell the story of Harriet Tubman. Chicago, Illinois: Empak Enterprises, ©1992. 32 pp., illus. Two African children following their mission of exploring African-American history record the story of Harriet Tubman.
Kelton, Nancy. Rebel slave. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Raintree Editions; Chicago, Illinois: distributed by Childrens Press, ©1977. 31 pp., illus.
Klingel, Cindy. Harriet Tubman: Black literator (1820-1913). Mankato, Minnesota: Creative Education, ©1987 30 pp., illus.
McClard, Megan. Harriet Tubman: slavery and the underground railroad. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Silver Burdett Press, ©1991. 133 pp., illus.
McLoone, Margo. Harriet Tubman: a photo-illustrated biography. Mankato, Minnesota: Bridgestone Press, ©1997. 24 pp., illus.
McMullan, Kate. The story of Harriet Tubman: conductor of the underground railroad. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: G. Stevens Pub., ©1997. 108 pp., illus.
Meyer, Linda D. Harriet Tubman: they called me Moses. Seattle, Washington: Parenting Press, ©1988. 24 pp.
Mosher, Kiki. Learning about bravery from the life of Harriet Tubman / Harriet Tubman. New York: PowerKids Press, ©1996. 24 pp., illus.
Petry, Ann Lane. Harriet Tubman, conductor on the Underground Railroad. New York: Crowell, ©1955. 247 p.
Plummer, William K. Harriet Tubman, freedom girl. Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs-Merrill, ©1969. 200 pp., illus.
Powers, R.M. Runaway slave; the story of Harriet Tubman. New York, New York: Four Winds Press, ©1965. illus.
Rowley, John. Harriet Tubman. Des Plaines, Illinois: Heinemann Interactive Library, ©1998. 24 pp., illus.
Sabin, Francene. Harriet Tubman. Mahwah, New Jersey: Troll Associates, ©1985. 30 pp., illus.
Schroeder, Alan. Minty: a story of young Harriet Tubman. New York, New York: Dial Books for Young Readers, ©1996. illus.
Smith, Kathie Billingslea. Harriet Tubman. New York: J. Messner, ©1988. 24 pp., illus.
Sterling, Philip and Logan, Rayford. Four took freedom; the lives of Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Robert Smalls, and Blanche K. Bruce. Garden City, New York, Doubleday, ©1967. 116 pp., illus.
Taylor, M.W. Harriet Tubman. New York, New York: Chelsea House Publishers, ©1991. 111 pp., illus.
Juvenile Fiction
Hedstrom, Deborah. From slavery to freedom with Harriet Tubman.
Sisters, Oregon: Multnomah Publishers, ©1997.
Hoober, Dorothy and Thomas and Carey-Greenberg Associates. Next stop, freedom : the story of a slave girl. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Silver Burdett Press, ©1991. 54 pp., illus.
Humphreville, Frances T. Harriet Tubman: flame of freedom. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin, ©1967. 189 pp., illus.
Jackson, Dave and Neta. Listen for the whippoorwill. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Bethany House, ©1993. 144 pp., illus.
Ringgold, Faith. Aunt Harriet's Underground Railroad in the sky. New York, New York: Crown, ©1992. illus.
Other Juvenile
Childress, Alice. When the rattlesnake sounds: a play.
New York, New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, ©1975.
Juvenile drama, 32 pp, illus.
Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corp. Harriet Tubman (Filmstrip). ©1969. Biography, 62 frames, color.
Lawrence, Jacob. Harriet and the Promised Land. New York: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, ©1993. Juvenile poetry, illus.
Troll Associates. Harriet Tubman (Filmstrip). Troll Associates, ©1969. Biography, 43 frames, color.